I have been wondering why Okinawans have good health. But going through their dietary pattern, I noticed something interesting about them: the drive to eat local foods is key. Okinawans have nurtured the practice of eating something from the land and the sea every day. Among their “top longevity foods” are bitter melons, tofu, garlic, brown rice, green tea, and shitake mushrooms.
I also found that communities where corn diets are eaten have good eyesight. However, one study by Kwon et al.( 2007) found that changes in dietary patterns of these populations toward consuming more high-calorie foods, sugar, refined grain flour, and sweetened beverages have resulted in far more health risks than their previous diet based primarily on corn, legumes, rice, and vegetables. This means that our traditional diet made from corn is good for us.
The researchers believe that a return to traditional dietary patterns can help reduce these disease problems because of a better balance of calories and beneficial nutrients. They note that staple crops like corn and legumes have antidiabetic, antioxidant, and anti-hypertension potential. These foods also provide certain protective phenolic phytochemicals that are beneficial for heart health, reversing hypertension as a natural remedy for high blood pressure, and controlling blood sugar levels. This study drew my attention to kpokpoi made from corn.
Kpokpoi
kpokpoi , also referred to as Kpekple is a festive food eaten by the Ga community of Ghana during the celebration of the Homowo festival. It is prepared with the primary ingredients of steamed and fermented corn meal, palm nut soup, and smoked fish or meat. Kpokpoi is eaten during homowo to commemorate a bumper harvest that followed a period of hunger in the history of the Ga community in Ghana.
Homowo, is made up of two morphemes: homo, to jeer at and wo, hunger. Together, the phrase is a thanksgiving festival (Agwuele & Karo, 2021). According to the Ga oral tradition, a severe famine broke out among the people during their migration to present-day Accra. The rains eventually came and the hunger ended with great joy. Kpokpoi is therefore eaten and sprinkled for the gods as a way of hooting at the hunger that stares them in the face as well as to thank the gods for the provision of food (Asimeng-boahen and Mensah, 2018).
To prepare the kpokpoi, corn is soaked overnight, drained, and milled into flour. The milled corn is pressed water sprinkled on it and left to ferment overnight. The fermented corned flour is then flaked and steamed. After steaming, the steamed corn flour is pounded together with salt and palm oil and then sieved to create finer grains which are then served with palmnut soup. Soups are among the food items prepared and eaten during cultural festivals like homowo in the Ga community in Ghana. The ingredients for the soup include boiled, strained pulp extracted from the fleshy mesocarp of the oil palm fruit (Elaeis guineensis). Also, other ingredients like tomatoes, onions, pepper, shrimp, fish or meat, and salt are added for the preparation of this delicious meal. GBC, 2022).
Kpokpoi, Science
The health benefits of kpokpoi are derived from the corn. In this article, I examine the impact of corn on eyesight per science. This is what I found :
Three studies (Abdel-Aal et al. 2013; Moeller et al. 2000; Carpentier et al. 2009) found that dietary consumption of antioxidants, especially carotenoids like zeaxanthin and lutein, could boost eye health.
Another three studies (Kean et al. 2008; Hu et al. 2011; Maiani et al. 2009) found that Lutein and zeaxanthin are the major carotenoids in corn, which are linked up to about 70% of the total carotenoid content. However, their levels are low in white corn. The colored corn is ideal for those with eye problems and looking for eye-health foods.
Additionally, three studies (Bone et al. 1997; Bone et al. 2000; Whitehead et al. 2006) also note that lutein and zeaxanthin are normally called macular pigments, these compounds exist in our retina, the light-sensitive inner surface of our eye, where they protect against oxidative damage caused by blue light.
Furthermore, three studies (Karppi et al. 2012; Dherani et al. 2008; Delcourt et al. 2006) found that high levels of these carotenoids in our blood are strongly linked to a decreased risk of both macular degeneration and cataracts.
Three observational studies (Vu et al. 2006; Seddon et al. 1994; Cho et al. 2008) found that high dietary intake of lutein and zeaxanthin may be protective, but not all studies agreed with this proposition.
However, one old study by Seddon et al. (1994) in 356 middle-aged and older adults found a 43% reduction in the risk of macular degeneration in those with the highest intake of carotenoids, especially lutein and zeaxanthin, compared to those with the lowest intake. This means eating a corn-related diet such as kpokpoi is good for your eye health.
Lutein and zeaxanthin
The scientific name of corn Zea mays was derived from the antioxidant in corn called zeaxanthin. Lutein and zeaxanthin can help protect your eyes from harmful high-energy light waves like ultraviolet rays in sunlight. Gammone et al. (2015) explained they are both similar with just a slight difference in the arrangement of their atoms. Lutein and zeaxanthin are the only dietary carotenoids that accumulate in the retina, particularly the macula region, which is located at the back of your eye.
Studies suggest that a high level of both in eye tissue is linked with better vision, especially in dim light or where glare is a problem. Roberts and Dennison (2015) explained that Lutein and zeaxanthin also act as a natural sunblock by absorbing excess light energy. They’re thought to especially protect your eyes from harmful blue light.
Diets rich in these two nutrients may help hold off age-related eye diseases. For example, one study found that people who ate foods rich in zeaxanthin — think “green veggies” like spinach, kale, and broccoli — may be half as likely to get cataracts. Another showed that if you have macular degeneration, which causes damage to the middle of your retina and can take away your central vision, supplements with lutein and zeaxanthin can slow its progress.
A recent study by Li et al. (2022) found that consumption of lutein and zeaxanthin may protect against age-related macular degeneration (AMD) progression to blindness.
Palm Oil
The oil used in kpokpoi also supports normal vision. One old study by McLaren(1999) and a recent review study by Tan et al.(2021)found that Red palm oil enhances vitamin A status in people who are deficient or at risk of deficiency because it’s rich in carotenoids that the body can convert into vitamin A.
Another small study of 16 participants by Sommerburg et al.(2015)found that people with cystic fibrosis, a condition that makes it difficult to absorb fat-soluble vitamins, experienced an increase in vitamin A blood levels after taking two to three tablespoons of red palm oil daily for 8 weeks.
A previous clinical trial by Radhika et al.(2013) also found that Palm oil is mostly used as a supplement to help improve vitamin A status in those who are at risk for deficiency. This study emanated from the National Institute of Nutrition, Indian Council of Medical Research in India, for example, showed that treating pregnant women with red palm oil increased vitamin A levels for both women and their babies.
Finally, another meta-analysis of nine high-quality studies by Dong et al.(2017)found red palm oil supplementation to increase vitamin A levels in both children and adults.
Palm Soup
Studies have also demonstrated the numerous benefits one could derive from palm fruit used for palm nut soup, especially with over 70% of tocotrienols. Mohamad et al. (2012) study found that tocotrienols in palm fruit support postmenopausal rats with osteoporosis as they strengthen and more quickly heal bone fractures than other vitamin-E-based supplements.
Sen et al.(2004) on humans suggest that tocotrienols get into the brain faster, which may improve brain function and health. Meganathan and Fu(2016) tocotrienols may help slow the buildup of plaque in the arteries and decrease cholesterol levels.
My only concern is that kpokpoi is a seasonal food. However, we can still benefit from other corn diets to improve our eyesight.
NB:
Prof. Nyarkotey has strict sourcing guidelines and relies on peer-reviewed studies, academic research institutions, and medical associations to justify his write-ups. My articles are for educational purposes and do not serve as Medical advice for Treatment. I aim to educate the public about evidence-based scientific Naturopathic Therapies.
The author is a Professor of Naturopathic Healthcare and President of Nyarkotey College of Holistic Medicine & Technology (NUCHMT)/African Naturopathic Foundation. E-mail: collegeofholisticmedicine@gmail.com.